高一英語動詞的過去分詞知識點(一)

過去分詞的用法也有兩個特點:一是表示完成,二是表示被動。
實意動詞過去分詞變化規律和他的過去式變化規律幾乎是一樣的:
①一般情況直接加ed,如ask—asked,work—worked
②以不發音的e結尾,只加d,如love—loved,dance—danced
③以輔音字母加y結尾,把y變為ied,如try—tried,study—studied
④以一個元音字母和一個輔音結尾的重讀音節結尾的動詞,先雙寫末尾一個字母,再加ed,
如stop—stopped,permit—permitted
注意:以l結尾的動詞,尾音節重讀時,雙寫l,如control—controlled,尾音節不重讀時,雙不雙寫都可以,如travel—traveled/traveled。
特例:picnic—picnicked,另外還有很多動詞的過去分詞是不合乎上述規則的,需熟記。
實意動詞過去式與過去分詞的區別:
過去式是發生過的事;
過去分詞形式是發生了并且對現在造成影響的事 。
過去式是用來作謂語的
過去分詞用于完成時結構的謂語。
另外,在兩者的形式也有所差異,有的過去式和過去分詞一樣 ,有的不一樣 .
比如:
begin began begun 就不一樣
teach taught taught 就一樣
用的時候一定要分清
過去分詞結構:
1. 過去分詞獨立結構
過去分詞有時可有其獨立主語,二者構成一種獨立分詞結構。過去分詞獨立結構多用于書面語中,常用作狀語,用來表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。如:
He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.
他滿臉是汗跑進屋來。(表伴隨)
This done,we went home.
做完此事,我們就回家了。(表時間)
All our savings gone,the couple started looking for jobs.
積蓄全部用完了,這對夫妻就開始找工作。(表原因)
That point settled,the speaker went on to the next one.
那個問題講完了,演講人繼續講下一個問題。(表時間)
2. with/without+賓語+過去分詞表示伴隨情況的獨立結構
With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考慮到了,我們都認為這是一項不錯的計劃。
With different methods used,different results are obtained.
采用不同的方法,得到不同的結果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一個字也沒說,就生氣地走了。
3. 過去分詞(短語)作賓語補足語
(1) 過去分詞(短語)在感官動詞和使役動詞等之后作賓語補足語,這些詞語有: have 讓,使 keep 使處于某狀態 get 使得
see 看見 hear 聽見 find 發現
feel 感覺到 leave 使處于某狀態 make 使
want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意
observe 觀察 watch 注視 set 使處于某狀態
如:
The work left him exhausted.
這個活使得他筋疲力盡。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看門人聽見門上的鏈和拴被拉開了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修過了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不說的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他聯系在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
當事人希望此事立刻得到解決。
(2)過去分詞(短語)在使役動詞get或have之后作賓語補足語,表示的動作往往是由別人完成的。如:
I had my car repaired
我把我的車修好了。(別人修的)
I had my hair cut
我理發了。(別人給我理的)
We must get the television set repaired
我們必須把電視機修好。(被別人修)
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗戶給打破了。(被他人打破)
初中英語不規則動詞過去式、過去分詞表:
(1)AAA型(動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞同形)
cost(花費)costcost
cut(割)cut cut
spit spit/spat spit/ spat(英)
hit(打)hit hit
hurt 傷害)hurthurt
let(讓) let let
put(放) put put
read (讀)read read
(2) AAB型(動詞原形與過去式同形)
beat(跳動) beat beaten
(3) ABA型(動詞原形與過去分詞同形)
become(變成) became become
awake awoke awoken
come(來) came come
run(跑) ran run
(4) ABB型(過去式與過去分詞同形)
dig(挖) dug dug build built built
get(得到) got got/gotten catch caught caught
hang(吊死) hanged hanged deal dealt dealt
hang(懸掛) hung hung feed fed fed
hold(抓住) held held find found found
shine(照耀) shone shone sit(坐) sat sat
pay paid paid win (贏) won won
send sent sent meet(遇見) met met
shoot shot shot keep (保持) kept kept
tell told told sleep(睡) slept slept
win won won sweep(掃) swept swept
feel(感覺) felt felt smell(聞) smelt/smelled smelt/ smelled
leave(離開) left left build(建設) built built
lend(借出) lent lent send (傳送) sent sent
spend(花費) spent spent lose (丟失) lost lost
burn (燃燒) burnt burnt learn(學習) learnt learnt
mean(意思是) meant meant catch(抓住) caught caught
teach(教) taught taught bring(帶來) brought brought
fight (戰斗) fought fought buy(買) bought bought
think(想) thought thought hear (聽見) heard heard
sell(賣) sold sold tell(告訴) told told
say(說) said said find(找到) found found
have/has(有) had had make(制造) made made
stand(站) stood stood understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型(動詞原形、過去式與過去分詞三者不同形)
begin(開始) began begun take(取) took taken
drink(喝) drank drunk mistake(弄錯) mistook mistaken
ring(鈴響) rang rung ride(騎) rode ridden
sing (唱) sang sung do(做) did done
swim(游泳) swam swum write(寫) wrote written
blow(吹) blew blown go(去)went gone
draw (畫) drew drawn lie(平躺) lay lain
fly(飛) flew flown see(看見) saw seen
grow(生長) grew grown wear (穿) wore worn
know(知道) knew known be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been
throw(投擲) threw thrown show(出示) showed shown
break(打破) broke broken choose(選擇) chose chosen
forget(忘記) forgot forgotten (forgot) bear bore borne/born
speak(說,講) spoke spoken draw drew drawn
wake(醒) woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed
drive(駕駛) drove driven hide hid hidden
eat(吃) ate eaten lay laid laid 放置
fall(落下) fell fallen lie lied lied 撒謊
give(給) gave given lie lay lain 躺
rise(升高) rose risen see saw seen
shake shook shaken steal stole stolen
can----could may---might will---would shall---should
must----must
高一英語動詞的過去分詞知識點(二)
動詞的-ed形式的用法
動詞的-ed形式在句中主要起形容詞和副詞的作用,可以作定語、表語、狀語和補語。
(一)動詞的-ed形式作表語
1、-ed形式在連系動詞后作表語,說明主語的狀態。
The students are fully prepared.
學生們已做好了充分的準備。
【比較】要把-ed形式作表語和被動語態區別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態,被動語態中的-ed形式表示被動動作。
All the doors are locked.
所有的門都是鎖著的。(-ed形式作表語,表示狀態)
All the doors were locked by the guard.
所有的門都被衛兵鎖上了。(被動語態,表示動作)
Peter the Great is buried here.
彼得大帝就埋葬在這里。(-ed形式作表語,表示狀態
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在這里。(被動語態,表示動作)
(二)同一動詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語時的區別
動詞的-ed形式作表語,主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態,含有被動的意思,而-ing形式作表語多表示主語具有的特征,含有主動的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frighteningsound.
他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all thepeople present were moved.
看到這么動人的情景,所有在場的人都感動了。
【提示】上述動詞的-ed形式,有的(如pleased,tired, excited, disappointed等)已經變成形容詞,可以被very, too等副詞修飾。有的(如amused, puzzled, relaxed等)還不能被very, too修飾,只能被much修飾。
These problems are very puzzling.
這些問題很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure toreply.
他不給我們回信使我們百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving.
他的演講非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears.
在場的所有人都被感動得流淚了。
(三)動詞的-ed形式作賓語補足語
當作賓語補足語的動詞和前面的賓語之間是被動關系時,一般應用動詞的-ed形式作賓語的補足語。
1、在感覺動詞see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作賓語補足語。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.
昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
我們發現所有的河流都被嚴重污染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.
昨天我在商店里注意到一個小女孩偷東西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.
他感覺到衣領被人從后面拉了一下。
2、在使役動詞get, have, make, leave, keep等后作賓語補足語。
(1)動詞的-ed形式作get的賓語補足語。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
多麗絲在醫院把壞牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我得先把盤子洗了,然后就來。
【比較】動詞get后也可接動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語,和賓語是主動關系。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 讓他說話不難,難的是說開了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again?
你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎?
(2)動詞的-ed形式作make的賓語補足語。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。
You should make your views known to thepublic.
你應該讓公眾知道你的觀點。
【注意】動詞make后的賓語補足語可用不帶to的動詞不定式或動詞的-ed形式,但不可用動詞的-ing形式。
(誤)Can you make the students understanding the text?
(正)Can you make the students understand thetext?
(正)Can you make the text understood by the students?
你能讓學生理解這篇課文嗎?
(3)動詞的-ed形式作keep或leave的賓語補足語。
They all went home, leaving all the workundone.
所有的工作都沒完成,他們就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房間里。
3、動詞的-ed形式也可用在with(without)結構中,作介詞的賓語補足語。
With everything well arranged, he left theoffice.
一切都安排妥善之后,他離開了辦公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已經回來了,背包里塞滿了有趣的圖書。
Without any grain left in the house, thelittle girl had to go begging.
家里沒有糧食,小女孩只好出去討飯。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
如果不再給我們任何時間的話,我們三星期之內完成不了任務。
4、某些動詞后(如want, need, prefer, would like等),作賓語補足語的不定式被動形式省略“to be”,就成了-ed形式作賓語補足語。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望這事立即得到解決。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.
我情愿讓我妹妹來翻譯這本書。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday.
我們需要這項工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
農民們不想讓好好的農田被用來建造房子。
(四)動詞的-ed形式作定語
動詞的-ed形式作定語修飾名詞分為前置和后置兩類。
1、前置定語
單個的動詞的-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前,作前置定語。
A watched pot never boils.
心急鍋不開。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.
所有的壞門窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我們到達的時候,每人被發給了一份印制好的試卷。
【提示】如要表示強調,單個動詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。
Money spent is more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2、后置定語
作后置定語的-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分,在語法上相當于一個定語從句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
我們讀過這個作家寫的許多小說。
(= that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.
被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。
(= who had been invitedto the reception)
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
這次會議獲得很大的成功,共有一千名學生出席了。
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.
一個律師裝扮的女人走了進來,并作為法官就座。
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3、動詞的-ed形式作定語和-ing形式作定語的區別
動詞的-ed形式作定語表示動作已完成或和被動,而-ing形式作定語表示動作正在進行或和主動。
the risen sun 升起了的太陽
the rising sun正在升起的太陽
boiled water開水
boiling water正沸騰的水
developed countries 發達國家
developing countries 發展中國家
fallen leaves落葉
falling leaves正在飄落的葉子
changed condition 改變了的情況
changing condition 變化著的情況
(五)動詞的-ed形式作狀語和-ing形式作狀語一樣,也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等
1、表示時間
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示時間,相當于一個時間狀語從句。
Seen from the tower, the city looksbeautiful.
從塔上往下看,城市顯得很美麗。
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown the lab, we were taken to see thelibrary.
帶我們參觀了實驗室之后,又帶我們參觀了圖書館。
(= After we had been shown the lab...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
經過醫生徹底檢查以后,他立刻回到了學校。
(= After he was completely examined...)
【提示】有時動詞的-ed形式前可加連詞when或while來強調時間概念。
When asked why she was late for class again,she hung her head in shame.
當被問到為什么上課又遲到時,她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once recovered, he went all out to do hiswork.
一恢復健康,他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦給這鐘上了發條,它就會走半個月,并且走得很準。
2、表示原因
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示原因,相當于一個原因狀語從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the childrencouldn't help crying.
孩子們被英雄事跡感動,情不自禁地哭了起來。
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard toread.
因為寫得快,她的信很難閱讀。(=As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我們因為新發現而激動萬分,決定出去慶祝一下。
(Because we were excited by...)
【注意】為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯,我們可以加上適當的連詞。
Even if invited,I won'tgo.
即使受到邀請,我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart.
雖然被對手打敗,便他們并沒有喪失信心。
Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀請,不然他不會回到公司來的。
3、表示條件
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示條件,相當于一個條件狀語從句。
Heated, water changes into steam.
加熱,水就能變成蒸汽。
(= If water isheated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
假如多給一些時間,他會干得更出色。
(= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
與其他教授相比,她是一個優秀的演說家。
4、表示讓步
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示讓步,相當于一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
盡管已經跑得筋疲力盡,他們還是繼續追趕著那個強盜。
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
盡管被許多人嘲笑,他還是繼續他的研究。
(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)
Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder.
盡管一天被盤問了多次,安德魯仍然對那件謀殺案保持沉默。
【提示】有時動詞的-ed形式作狀語和動詞的-ing形式的被動式作狀語,并沒有多大的區別,可以互換。
